start moving malloc and friends in

.gitignore

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Important directories.
 /out
-# https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#docker
+# https://cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat#docker
 /out.docker
 /data
 

.travis.yml

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#travis
+# https://cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat#travis
 
 language: cpp
 

README.adoc

@@ -12523,8 +12523,6 @@ Programs under link:userland/c/[] are examples of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 ** `stdlib.h`
 *** exit
 **** link:userland/c/abort.c[]
-*** malloc
-**** link:userland/c/out_of_memory.c[]
 ** `stdio.h`
 *** link:userland/c/stderr.c[]
 *** link:userland/c/getchar.c[]
@@ -12533,6 +12531,15 @@ Programs under link:userland/c/[] are examples of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 * Fun
 ** link:userland/c/infinite_loop.c[]
 
+==== malloc
+
+Allocate memory! Vs using the stack: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4584089/what-is-the-function-of-the-push-pop-instructions-used-on-registers-in-x86-ass/33583134#33583134
+
+* link:userland/c/malloc.c[]: `malloc` hello world: allocate two ints and use them.
+* link:userland/c/out_of_memory.c[]: test how much memory Linux lets us allocate
+
+LInux 5.1 / glibc 2.29 implements it with the <<mmap,`mmap` system call>>.
+
 ==== GCC C extensions
 
 ===== C empty struct
@@ -12629,6 +12636,26 @@ getconf -a
 
 `getconf` is also specified by POSIX at: https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/getconf.html but not the `-a` option which shows all configurations.
 
+==== mmap
+
+The mmap system call allows advanced memory operations:
+
+* link:userland/posix/mmap_file.c[]: memory mapped file example
+
+mmap is notably used to implement the <<malloc,malloc ANSI C>> function, replacing the previously used break system call.
+
+Linux adds has several POSIX extension flags to it.
+
+===== brk
+
+Previously <<posix>>, but was deprecated in favor of <<malloc>>
+
+Example: link:userland/glibc/brk.c[]
+
+The example allocates two ints and uses them, and then deallocates back.
+
+Bibliography: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6988487/what-does-the-brk-system-call-do/31082353#31082353
+
 === Userland multithreading
 
 The following sections are related to multithreading in userland:

baremetal/arch/aarch64/no_bootloader/wfe_loop.S

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#gem5-simulate-time-reached */
+/* https://cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat#gem5-simulate-limit-reached */
 
 #include <lkmc/m5ops.h>
 

lkmc.h

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ void lkmc_assert_memcmp(const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n, uint32_t line)
     fprintf(stderr, "error: %s errno = %d, path = %s\n", function, errno, path); \
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 #define LKMC_TMP_EXT ".tmp"
+/* Temporary per C source file name that our examples can safely create. */
 #define LKMC_TMP_FILE __FILE__ LKMC_TMP_EXT
 #define LKMC_TMP_FILE_NAMED(name) __FILE__ "__" name LKMC_TMP_EXT
 #endif

lkmc/aarch64.h

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ main_after_prologue: \
 
 /** Fields of system registers. */
 
-/* Counter: https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#arm-timer */
+/* Counter: https://cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat#arm-timer */
 #define LKMC_SYSREG_CNTV_CTL_ENABLE  (1 << 0)
 #define LKMC_SYSREG_CNTV_CTL_IMASK   (1 << 1)
 #define LKMC_SYSREG_CNTV_CTL_ISTATUS (1 << 2)
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ main_after_prologue: \
 
 /* LKMC_VECTOR_*
  *
- * https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#armv8-exception-vector-table-format
+ * https://cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat#armv8-exception-vector-table-format
  */
 
 #define LKMC_VECTOR_SYNC_SP0     (0x1)

path_properties.py

@@ -486,6 +486,7 @@ path_properties_tuples = (
                             # LDADD from LSE
                             'gem5_unimplemented_instruction': True,
                         },
+                        'count.cpp': {'more_than_1s': True},
                         'sleep_for.cpp': {
                             'more_than_1s': True,
                         },

run

@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ Extra options to append at the end of the emulator command line.
             else:
                 if self.env['gem5_script'] == 'fs':
                     if self.env['gem5_restore'] is not None:
-                        # https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#gem5-checkpoint-internals
+                        # https://cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat#gem5-checkpoint-internals
                         cpt_dirs = self.gem5_list_checkpoint_dirs()
                         cpt_dir = cpt_dirs[-self.env['gem5_restore']]
                         cpt_dirs_sorted_by_tick = sorted(cpt_dirs, key=lambda x: int(x.split('.')[1]))

userland/arch/x86_64/xchg.S

@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@
 #include <lkmc.h>
 
 LKMC_PROLOGUE
-    mov $0, %rax
-    mov $1, %rbx
+    mov $0, %r12
+    mov $1, %r13
 
-    xchg %rbx, %rax
-    LKMC_ASSERT_EQ(%rax, $1)
-    LKMC_ASSERT_EQ(%rbx, $0)
+    xchg %r13, %r12
+    LKMC_ASSERT_EQ(%r12, $1)
+    LKMC_ASSERT_EQ(%r13, $0)
 
-    xchg %rbx, %rax
-    LKMC_ASSERT_EQ(%rax, $0)
-    LKMC_ASSERT_EQ(%rbx, $1)
+    xchg %r13, %r12
+    LKMC_ASSERT_EQ(%r12, $0)
+    LKMC_ASSERT_EQ(%r13, $1)
 LKMC_EPILOGUE

userland/c/malloc.c

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+/* https://cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat#malloc */
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main(void) {
+    size_t bytes = sizeof(int) * 2;
+    /* Allocate 2 ints. */
+    int *is = malloc(bytes);
+    /* This can happen for example if we ask for too much memory. */
+    if (is == NULL) {
+        perror("malloc");
+        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+    is[0] = 1;
+    assert(is[0] == 1);
+    /* Free the allocated memory. */
+    free(is);
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+

userland/c/out_of_memory.c

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* Let's see how much memory Linux lets us allocate. */
+/* https://cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat#malloc */
 
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>

userland/cpp/atomic.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#cpp-multithreading
+// https://cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat#cpp-multithreading
 //
 // The non-atomic counters have undefined values which get printed:
 // they are extremely likely to be less than the correct value due to

userland/cpp/count.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Count to infinity sleeping one second per number.
 //
-// https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#cpp-multithreading
+// https://cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat#cpp-multithreading
 
 #include <chrono>
 #include <thread>

userland/glibc/README.adoc

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+This directory contains glibc extensions to POSIX / ANSI C.

userland/glibc/brk.c

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/* https://cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat#brk */
+
+#define _GNU_SOURCE
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+int main(void) {
+    void *b = sbrk(0);
+    int *p = (int *)b;
+
+    /* Move it 2 ints forward */
+    brk(p + 2);
+
+    /* Use the ints. */
+    *p = 1;
+    *(p + 1) = 2;
+    assert(*p == 1);
+    assert(*(p + 1) == 2);
+
+    /* Deallocate back. */
+    brk(b);
+
+    return 0;
+}

userland/glibc/build

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../build

userland/glibc/test

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../test

userland/linux/sysconf.c

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#sysconf */
+/* https://cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat#sysconf */
 
 #define _XOPEN_SOURCE 700
 #include <stdio.h>

userland/posix/count.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* Count to infinity with 1 second sleep between each increment.
  *
- * https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#unistd-h
+ * https://cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat#unistd-h
  *
  * Sample application: https://cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat#gdb-step-debug-userland-custom-init
  */

userland/posix/count_to.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* Count up to a given number 1 second sleep between each increment.
  *
- * https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#unistd-h
+ * https://cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat#unistd-h
  *
  * We need a separate program for this from count.c because count.c
  * is also usable as an init process, where we can't control the CLI

userland/posix/mmap_file.c

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+/* https://cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat#mmap
+ *
+ * Example of mmap on files.
+ *
+ * Create a file, mmap to it, write to maped memory, close.
+ *
+ * Then read the file and confirm it was written to.
+ *
+ * Implemented in Linux by the mmap syscall.
+ */
+
+#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 700
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <lkmc.h>
+
+int main(void) {
+    char *filepath = LKMC_TMP_FILE;
+    enum Constexpr { NUMINTS = 4 };
+    size_t filesize = NUMINTS * sizeof(int);
+
+    int i;
+    int fd;
+    int result;
+    /* mmapped array of int's */
+    int *map;
+
+    /* Write to file with mmap. */
+    {
+        /* `O_WRONLY` is not sufficient when mmaping, need `O_RDWR`.*/
+        fd = open(filepath, O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
+        if (fd == -1) {
+            perror("open");
+            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+
+        /* Set fd position and write to it to strech the file. */
+        result = lseek(fd, filesize - 1, SEEK_SET);
+        if (result == -1) {
+            close(fd);
+            perror("lseek");
+            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+
+        /* Write something to the file to actually strech it. */
+        result = write(fd, "", 1);
+        if (result != 1) {
+            close(fd);
+            perror("write");
+            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+
+        /* Do the actual mapping call. */
+        map = mmap(NULL, filesize, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
+        if (map == MAP_FAILED) {
+            close(fd);
+            perror("mmap");
+            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+
+        /* Write int's to the file as if it were memory because MAP_SHARED was used. */
+        for (i = 0; i < NUMINTS; ++i) {
+            map[i] = i;
+        }
+
+        /* Free mmapped memory. */
+        if (munmap(map, filesize) == -1) {
+            perror("munmap");
+            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+
+        /* Un-mmaping doesn't close the file, so we still need to do that. */
+        if (close(fd) == -1) {
+            perror("close");
+            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Read result back in. */
+    {
+        fd = open(filepath, O_RDONLY, 0);
+        if (fd == -1) {
+            perror("open");
+            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+
+        map = mmap(0, filesize, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
+        if (map == MAP_FAILED) {
+            close(fd);
+            perror("mmap");
+            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+
+        assert(map[1] == 1);
+
+        /* Segmentation fault because no `PROT_WRITE`: */
+        /*map[1] = 2;*/
+
+        if (munmap(map, filesize) == -1) {
+            perror("munmap");
+            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+
+        if (close(fd) == -1) {
+            perror("close");
+            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}

userland/posix/pthread_count.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* count to infinity in n threads.
  *
- * https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#pthreads
+ * https://cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat#pthreads
  *
  * Useful if you need to keep several threads around
  * to test something.

userland/posix/pthread_deadlock.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* Let's see a trivial deadlock in action to feel the joys of multithreading.
  *
- * https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#pthreads
+ * https://cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat#pthreads
  *
  * Exit successfully immediately without any arguments:
  *

userland/posix/pthread_self.c

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /* Spawn N threads that print their TID with pthread_self and other
  * ID-like information for multiple threads.
  *
- * https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#pthreads
+ * https://cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat#pthreads
  *
  * Sample usage:
  *

userland/posix/sysconf.c

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#sysconf */
+/* https://cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat#sysconf */
 
 #define _XOPEN_SOURCE 700
 #include <stdio.h>