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readme: more info on kernel panics, oops an backtraces.
myinsmod: use either finit or init
This commit is contained in:
Ciro Santilli
272
README.adoc
272
README.adoc
@@ -520,12 +520,34 @@ https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5947286/how-to-load-linux-kernel-modules-fro
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If you are feeling raw, you can insert and remove modules with our own minimal module inserter and remover!
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....
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# init_module
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/myinsmod.out /hello.ko
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# finit_module
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/myinsmod.out /hello.ko "" 1
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/myrmmod.out hello
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....
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which teaches you how it is done from C code.
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The Linux kernel offers two system calls for module insertion:
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* `init_module`
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* `finit_module`
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and:
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....
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man init_module
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....
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documents that:
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____
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The finit_module() system call is like init_module(), but reads the module to be loaded from the file descriptor fd. It is useful when the authenticity of a kernel module can be determined from its location in the filesystem; in cases where that is possible, the overhead of using cryptographically signed modules to determine the authenticity of a module can be avoided. The param_values argument is as for init_module().
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____
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`finit` is newer and was added only in v3.8. More rationale: https://lwn.net/Articles/519010/
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[[gdb]]
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== GDB step debug
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@@ -660,6 +682,10 @@ TODO: why does `break work_func` for `insmod kthread.ko` not break the first tim
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See also: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/28607538/how-to-debug-linux-kernel-modules-with-qemu/44095831#44095831
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==== GDB module_init
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TODO
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==== Bypass lx-symbols
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Useless, but a good way to show how hardcore you are. Disable `lx-symbols` with:
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@@ -675,6 +701,11 @@ insmod /fops.ko
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cat /proc/modules
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....
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as mentioned at:
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* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6384605/how-to-get-address-of-a-kernel-module-loaded-using-insmod/6385818
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* https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/194405/get-base-address-and-size-of-a-loaded-kernel-module
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This will give a line of form:
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....
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@@ -1717,6 +1748,245 @@ Those commits change `BR2_LINUX_KERNEL_LATEST_VERSION` in `/linux/Config.in`.
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You should then look up if there is a branch that supports that kernel. Staying on branches is a good idea as they will get backports, in particular ones that fix the build as newer host versions come out.
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=== Kernel panic and oops
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To test out kernel panics and oops in controlled circumstances, try out the modules:
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....
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insmod /panic.ko
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insmod /oops.ko
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....
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A panic can also be generated with:
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....
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echo c > /proc/sysrq-trigger
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....
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Panic vs oops: https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/91854/whats-the-difference-between-a-kernel-oops-and-a-kernel-panic
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How to generate them:
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* https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/66197/how-to-cause-kernel-panic-with-a-single-command
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* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23484147/generate-kernel-oops-or-crash-in-the-code
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When a panic happens, <<linux-kernel-magic-keys,`Shift-PgUp`>> does not work as it normally does, and it is hard to get the logs if on are on <<graphic-mode>>:
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* https://superuser.com/questions/848412/scrolling-up-the-failed-screen-with-kernel-panic
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* https://superuser.com/questions/269228/write-qemu-booting-virtual-machine-output-to-a-file
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* http://www.reactos.org/wiki/QEMU#Redirect_to_a_file
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==== Kernel panic
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On panic, the kernel dies, and so does our terminal.
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Make the kernel reboot after n seconds after panic:
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....
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echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/panic
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....
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`0` to disable: https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/29567/how-to-configure-the-linux-kernel-to-reboot-on-panic/29569#29569
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The panic trace looks like:
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....
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panic: loading out-of-tree module taints kernel.
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panic myinit
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Kernel panic - not syncing: hello panic
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CPU: 0 PID: 53 Comm: insmod Tainted: G O 4.16.0 #6
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Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.11.0-0-g63451fca13-prebuilt.qemu-project.org 04/01/2014
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Call Trace:
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dump_stack+0x7d/0xba
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? 0xffffffffc0000000
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panic+0xda/0x213
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? printk+0x43/0x4b
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? 0xffffffffc0000000
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myinit+0x1d/0x20 [panic]
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do_one_initcall+0x3e/0x170
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do_init_module+0x5b/0x210
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load_module+0x2035/0x29d0
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? kernel_read_file+0x7d/0x140
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? SyS_finit_module+0xa8/0xb0
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SyS_finit_module+0xa8/0xb0
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do_syscall_64+0x6f/0x310
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? trace_hardirqs_off_thunk+0x1a/0x32
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entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x42/0xb7
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RIP: 0033:0x7ffff7b36206
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RSP: 002b:00007fffffffeb78 EFLAGS: 00000206 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000139
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RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 000000000000005c RCX: 00007ffff7b36206
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RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 000000000069e010 RDI: 0000000000000003
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RBP: 000000000069e010 R08: 00007ffff7ddd320 R09: 0000000000000000
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R10: 00007ffff7ddd320 R11: 0000000000000206 R12: 0000000000000003
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R13: 00007fffffffef4a R14: 0000000000000000 R15: 0000000000000000
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Kernel Offset: disabled
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---[ end Kernel panic - not syncing: hello panic
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....
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First notice how our panic message `hello panic` is visible at:
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....
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Kernel panic - not syncing: hello panic
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....
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The log shows which module each symbol belongs to if any, e.g.:
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....
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myinit+0x1d/0x20 [panic]
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....
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says that the function `myinit` is in the module `panic`.
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To find the line that panicked, do:
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....
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./rungdb -a arm
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....
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and then:
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....
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info line *(myinit+0x1d)
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....
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which gives us the correct line:
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....
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Line 7 of "/linux-kernel-module-cheat/out/x86_64/buildroot/build/kernel_module-1.0/./panic.c" starts at address 0xbf00001c <myinit+28> and ends at 0xbf00002c <myexit>.
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....
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as explained at: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8545931/using-gdb-to-convert-addresses-to-lines/27576029#27576029
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===== BUG_ON
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Basically just calls `panic("BUG!")` for most archs.
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==== Kernel oops
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On oops, the shell still lives after.
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However we:
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* leave the normal control flow, and `oops after` never gets printed: an interrupt is serviced
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* cannot `rmmod oops` afterwards
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It is possible to make `oops` lead to panics always with:
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....
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echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/panic_on_oops
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insmod /oops.ko
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....
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An oops stack trace looks like:
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....
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BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at 0000000000000000
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IP: myinit+0x18/0x30 [oops]
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PGD dccf067 P4D dccf067 PUD dcc1067 PMD 0
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Oops: 0002 [#1] SMP NOPTI
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Modules linked in: oops(O+)
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CPU: 0 PID: 53 Comm: insmod Tainted: G O 4.16.0 #6
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Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.11.0-0-g63451fca13-prebuilt.qemu-project.org 04/01/2014
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RIP: 0010:myinit+0x18/0x30 [oops]
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RSP: 0018:ffffc900000d3cb0 EFLAGS: 00000282
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RAX: 000000000000000b RBX: ffffffffc0000000 RCX: ffffffff81e3e3a8
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RDX: 0000000000000001 RSI: 0000000000000086 RDI: ffffffffc0001033
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RBP: ffffc900000d3e30 R08: 69796d2073706f6f R09: 000000000000013b
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R10: ffffea0000373280 R11: ffffffff822d8b2d R12: 0000000000000000
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R13: ffffffffc0002050 R14: ffffffffc0002000 R15: ffff88000dc934c8
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FS: 00007ffff7ff66a0(0000) GS:ffff88000fc00000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
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CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
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CR2: 0000000000000000 CR3: 000000000dcd2000 CR4: 00000000000006f0
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Call Trace:
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do_one_initcall+0x3e/0x170
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do_init_module+0x5b/0x210
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load_module+0x2035/0x29d0
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? SyS_finit_module+0xa8/0xb0
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SyS_finit_module+0xa8/0xb0
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do_syscall_64+0x6f/0x310
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? trace_hardirqs_off_thunk+0x1a/0x32
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entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x42/0xb7
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RIP: 0033:0x7ffff7b36206
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RSP: 002b:00007fffffffeb78 EFLAGS: 00000206 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000139
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RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 000000000000005c RCX: 00007ffff7b36206
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RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 000000000069e010 RDI: 0000000000000003
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RBP: 000000000069e010 R08: 00007ffff7ddd320 R09: 0000000000000000
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R10: 00007ffff7ddd320 R11: 0000000000000206 R12: 0000000000000003
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R13: 00007fffffffef4b R14: 0000000000000000 R15: 0000000000000000
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Code: <c7> 04 25 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e8 b2 33 09 c1 31 c0 c3 0f 1f 44
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RIP: myinit+0x18/0x30 [oops] RSP: ffffc900000d3cb0
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CR2: 0000000000000000
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---[ end trace 3cdb4e9d9842b503 ]---
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....
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To find the line that oopsed, look at the `RIP` register:
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....
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RIP: 0010:myinit+0x18/0x30 [oops]
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....
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and then on GDB:
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....
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./rungdb -a arm
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....
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run
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....
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info line *(myinit+0x18)
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....
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which gives us the correct line:
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....
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Line 7 of "/linux-kernel-module-cheat/out/arm/buildroot/build/kernel_module-1.0/./panic.c" starts at address 0xbf00001c <myinit+28> and ends at 0xbf00002c <myexit>.
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....
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TODO: does not work on `arm`, `lx-symbols` cannot find the module anymore:
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....
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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File "/home/ciro/bak/git/linux-kernel-module-cheat/out/arm/buildroot/build/linux-custom/scripts/gdb/linux/symbols.py", line 163, in invoke
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self.load_all_symbols()
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File "/home/ciro/bak/git/linux-kernel-module-cheat/out/arm/buildroot/build/linux-custom/scripts/gdb/linux/symbols.py", line 150, in load_all_symbols
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[self.load_module_symbols(module) for module in module_list]
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File "/home/ciro/bak/git/linux-kernel-module-cheat/out/arm/buildroot/build/linux-custom/scripts/gdb/linux/symbols.py", line 110, in load_module_symbols
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module_name = module['name'].string()
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gdb.MemoryError: Cannot access memory at address 0xbf00010c
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Error occurred in Python command: Cannot access memory at address 0xbf00010c
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....
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so we need to either:
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* <<gdb-module_init>>
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* <<addr2line-kernel-module>>
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===== addr2line kernel module
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6151538/addr2line-on-kernel-module
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TODO
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[[dump_stack]]
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==== dump_stack kernel module
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The `dump_stack` function produces a stack trace much like panic and oops, but causes no problems and we return to the normal control flow, and can cleanly remove the module afterwards:
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....
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insmod /dump_stack.ko
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....
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==== warn_on kernel module
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The `WARN_ON` macro basically just calls <<dump_stack,dump_stack>>.
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One extra side effect is that we can make it also panic with:
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....
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echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/panic_on_warn
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....
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=== Console fun
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You can also try those on the `Ctrl-Alt-F3` of your Ubuntu host, but it is much more fun inside a VM!
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@@ -1962,7 +2232,7 @@ But in part because it is dying, I didn't spend much effort to integrate it into
|
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Maybe some brave should will send a pull request one day.
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=== Magic keys understood by the Linux kernel
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=== Linux kernel magic keys
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Let's have some fun.
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@@ -4,7 +4,11 @@
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. Debugging
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.. link:hello.c[]
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.. link:hello2.c[]
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. Panic and friends
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.. link:panic.c[]
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.. link:oops.c[]
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.. link:warn_on.c[]
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.. link:warn_on.c[]
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. Module utils
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.. link:params.c[]
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.. link:vermagic.c[]
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@@ -40,6 +44,8 @@
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.. link:kstrto.c[]
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. Misc
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.. link:ring0.c[]
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. ARM
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.. link:pmccntr.c[]
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. Hardware device drivers
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.. link:pci_min.c[]
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.. link:pci.c[]
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19
kernel_module/dump_stack.c
Normal file
19
kernel_module/dump_stack.c
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
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#include <linux/module.h>
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#include <linux/kernel.h>
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static int myinit(void)
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{
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pr_info("dump_stack myinit\n");
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dump_stack();
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pr_info("dump_stack after\n");
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return 0;
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}
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static void myexit(void)
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{
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pr_info("panic myexit\n");
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}
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module_init(myinit)
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module_exit(myexit)
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MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
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19
kernel_module/oops.c
Normal file
19
kernel_module/oops.c
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
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#include <linux/module.h>
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#include <linux/kernel.h>
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static int myinit(void)
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{
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pr_info("oops myinit\n");
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*(int *)0 = 0;
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pr_info("oops after\n");
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return 0;
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}
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static void myexit(void)
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{
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pr_info("oops myexit\n");
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}
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module_init(myinit)
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module_exit(myexit)
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MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
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@@ -1,28 +1,17 @@
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/*
|
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It will happen eventually, so you might as well learn do deal with it.
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|
||||
TODO: how to scroll up to see full trace? Shift + Page Up does not work as it normally does:
|
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https://superuser.com/questions/848412/scrolling-up-the-failed-screen-with-kernel-panic
|
||||
|
||||
The alternative is to get the serial data out streamed to console or to a file:
|
||||
|
||||
- https://superuser.com/questions/269228/write-qemu-booting-virtual-machine-output-to-a-file
|
||||
- http://www.reactos.org/wiki/QEMU#Redirect_to_a_file
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
#include <linux/module.h>
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||||
#include <linux/kernel.h>
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||||
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||||
static int myinit(void)
|
||||
{
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||||
pr_info("panic init\n");
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pr_info("panic myinit\n");
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||||
panic("hello panic");
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||||
pr_info("panic after\n");
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return 0;
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||||
}
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||||
|
||||
static void myexit(void)
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||||
{
|
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pr_info("panic cleanup\n");
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pr_info("panic myexit\n");
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}
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||||
|
||||
module_init(myinit)
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||||
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||||
@@ -24,33 +24,35 @@ typedef struct {
|
||||
|
||||
void ring0_get_control_regs(Ring0Regs *ring0_regs)
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{
|
||||
#ifdef __x86_64__
|
||||
#if defined(__x86_64__)
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||||
__asm__ __volatile__ (
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||||
"mov %%cr0, %%rax\n\t"
|
||||
"mov %%eax, %0\n\t"
|
||||
"mov %%cr2, %%rax\n\t"
|
||||
"mov %%eax, %1\n\t"
|
||||
"mov %%cr3, %%rax\n\t"
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||||
"mov %%eax, %2\n\t"
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||||
: "=m" (ring0_regs->cr0),
|
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"=m" (ring0_regs->cr2),
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"=m" (ring0_regs->cr3)
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: /* no input */
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||||
: "%rax"
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||||
"mov %%cr0, %%rax;"
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||||
"mov %%eax, %0;"
|
||||
"mov %%cr2, %%rax;"
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"mov %%eax, %1;"
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||||
"mov %%cr3, %%rax;"
|
||||
"mov %%eax, %2;"
|
||||
: "=m" (ring0_regs->cr0),
|
||||
"=m" (ring0_regs->cr2),
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||||
"=m" (ring0_regs->cr3)
|
||||
:
|
||||
: "%rax"
|
||||
);
|
||||
#elif defined(__i386__)
|
||||
__asm__ __volatile__ (
|
||||
"mov %%cr0, %%eax\n\t"
|
||||
"mov %%eax, %0\n\t"
|
||||
"mov %%cr2, %%eax\n\t"
|
||||
"mov %%eax, %1\n\t"
|
||||
"mov %%cr3, %%eax\n\t"
|
||||
"mov %%eax, %2\n\t"
|
||||
: "=m" (ring0_regs->cr0),
|
||||
"=m" (ring0_regs->cr2),
|
||||
"=m" (ring0_regs->cr3)
|
||||
: /* no input */
|
||||
: "%eax"
|
||||
"mov %%cr0, %%eax;"
|
||||
"mov %%eax, %0;"
|
||||
"mov %%cr2, %%eax;"
|
||||
"mov %%eax, %1;"
|
||||
"mov %%cr3, %%eax;"
|
||||
"mov %%eax, %2;"
|
||||
: "=m" (ring0_regs->cr0),
|
||||
"=m" (ring0_regs->cr2),
|
||||
"=m" (ring0_regs->cr3)
|
||||
:
|
||||
: "%eax"
|
||||
);
|
||||
#endif
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#endif
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -7,17 +7,19 @@
|
||||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
|
||||
#define init_module(mod, len, opts) syscall(__NR_init_module, mod, len, opts)
|
||||
#define init_module(module_image, len, param_values) syscall(__NR_init_module, module_image, len, param_values)
|
||||
#define finit_module(fd, param_values, flags) syscall(__NR_finit_module, fd, param_values, flags)
|
||||
|
||||
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
|
||||
const char *params;
|
||||
int fd;
|
||||
int fd, use_finit;
|
||||
size_t image_size;
|
||||
struct stat st;
|
||||
void *image;
|
||||
|
||||
/* CLI handling. */
|
||||
if (argc < 2) {
|
||||
puts("Usage ./prog mymodule.ko [args]");
|
||||
puts("Usage ./prog mymodule.ko [args="" [use_finit=0]");
|
||||
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
||||
}
|
||||
if (argc < 3) {
|
||||
@@ -25,16 +27,33 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
params = argv[2];
|
||||
}
|
||||
fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY);
|
||||
fstat(fd, &st);
|
||||
image_size = st.st_size;
|
||||
image = malloc(image_size);
|
||||
read(fd, image, image_size);
|
||||
close(fd);
|
||||
if (init_module(image, image_size, params) != 0) {
|
||||
perror("init_module");
|
||||
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
||||
if (argc < 4) {
|
||||
use_finit = 0;
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
use_finit = (argv[3][0] != '0');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* Action. */
|
||||
fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY);
|
||||
if (use_finit) {
|
||||
puts("finit");
|
||||
if (finit_module(fd, params, 0) != 0) {
|
||||
perror("finit_module");
|
||||
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
||||
}
|
||||
close(fd);
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
puts("init");
|
||||
fstat(fd, &st);
|
||||
image_size = st.st_size;
|
||||
image = malloc(image_size);
|
||||
read(fd, image, image_size);
|
||||
close(fd);
|
||||
if (init_module(image, image_size, params) != 0) {
|
||||
perror("init_module");
|
||||
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
||||
}
|
||||
free(image);
|
||||
}
|
||||
free(image);
|
||||
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
23
kernel_module/warn_on.c
Normal file
23
kernel_module/warn_on.c
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
/*
|
||||
Prints a backtrace.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
#include <linux/module.h>
|
||||
#include <linux/kernel.h>
|
||||
|
||||
static int myinit(void)
|
||||
{
|
||||
pr_info("warn_on init\n");
|
||||
WARN_ON("warn_on do it");
|
||||
pr_info("warn_on after\n");
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
static void myexit(void)
|
||||
{
|
||||
pr_info("warn_on cleanup\n");
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
module_init(myinit)
|
||||
module_exit(myexit)
|
||||
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user