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https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat.git
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759 lines
40 KiB
HTML
759 lines
40 KiB
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<meta name="description" content="The perfect emulation setup to study and develop the <<linux-kernel>> v5.9.2, kernel modules, <<qemu-buildroot-setup,QEMU>>, <<gem5-buildroot-setup,gem5>> and x86_64, ARMv7 and ARMv8 <<userland-assembly,userland>> and <<baremetal-setup,baremetal>> assembly, <<c,ANSI C>>, <<cpp,C++>> and <<posix,POSIX>>. EVERYTHING is built from source. <<gdb>> and <<kgdb>> just work. Powered by <<about-the-qemu-buildroot-setup,Buildroot>> and <<about-the-baremetal-setup,crosstool-NG>>. Highly automated. Thoroughly documented. Automated <<test-this-repo,tests>>. "Tested" in an Ubuntu 20.04 host.">
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<title>Linux Kernel Module Cheat</title>
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|
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</head>
|
||
<body id="userland-assembly" class="article">
|
||
<div id="header">
|
||
<h1>Linux Kernel Module Cheat</h1>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="content">
|
||
<div class="sect1">
|
||
<h2 id="userland-assembly"><a class="anchor" href="#userland-assembly"></a><a class="link" href="#userland-assembly">28. Userland assembly</a></h2>
|
||
<div class="sectionbody">
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Programs under <code>userland/arch/<arch>/</code> are examples of userland assembly programming.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>This section will document ISA agnostic concepts, and you should read it first.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>ISA specifics are covered at:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="ulist">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="x86-userland-assembly.html">x86 userland assembly</a> under <a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/userland/arch/x86_64/">userland/arch/x86_64/</a>, originally migrated from: <a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/x86-assembly-cheat" class="bare">https://github.com/cirosantilli/x86-assembly-cheat</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="arm-userland-assembly.html">ARM userland assembly</a> originally migrated from <a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/arm-assembly-cheat" class="bare">https://github.com/cirosantilli/arm-assembly-cheat</a> under:</p>
|
||
<div class="ulist">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/userland/arch/arm/">userland/arch/arm/</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/userland/arch/aarch64/">userland/arch/aarch64/</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Like other userland programs, these programs can be run as explained at: <a href="userland-setup.html">Section 2.8, “Userland setup”</a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>As a quick reminder, the fastest setups to get started are:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="ulist">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="userland-setup-getting-started-natively.html">Userland setup getting started natively</a> if your host can run the examples, e.g. x86 example on an x86 host:</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="userland-setup-getting-started-with-prebuilt-toolchain-and-qemu-user-mode.html">Userland setup getting started with prebuilt toolchain and QEMU user mode</a> otherwise</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>However, as usual, it is saner to build your toolchain as explained at: <a href="qemu-user-mode-getting-started.html">Section 11.1, “QEMU user mode getting started”</a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>The first examples you should look into are:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="ulist">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>add</p>
|
||
<div class="ulist">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/userland/arch/x86_64/add.S">userland/arch/x86_64/add.S</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/userland/arch/arm/add.S">userland/arch/arm/add.S</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/userland/arch/aarch64/add.S">userland/arch/aarch64/add.S</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>mov between register and memory</p>
|
||
<div class="ulist">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/userland/arch/x86_64/mov.S">userland/arch/x86_64/mov.S</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="arm-mov-instruction.html">ARM MOV instruction</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="arm-load-and-store-instructions.html">ARM load and store instructions</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>addressing modes</p>
|
||
<div class="ulist">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="x86-addressing-modes.html">x86 addressing modes</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="arm-addressing-modes.html">ARM addressing modes</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>registers, see: <a href="assembly-registers.html">Section 28.1, “Assembly registers”</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>jumping:</p>
|
||
<div class="ulist">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="x86-control-transfer-instructions.html">x86 control transfer instructions</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="arm-branch-instructions.html">ARM branch instructions</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>SIMD</p>
|
||
<div class="ulist">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="x86-simd.html">x86 SIMD</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="arm-simd.html">ARM SIMD</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>The add examples in particular:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="ulist">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>introduce the basics of how a given assembly works: how many inputs / outputs, who is input and output, can it use memory or just registers, etc.</p>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>It is then a big copy paste for most other data instructions.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>verify that the venerable ADD instruction and our assertions are working</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Now try to modify modify the x86_64 add program to see the assertion fail:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>LKMC_ASSERT_EQ(%rax, $4)</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>because 1 + 2 tends to equal 3 instead of 4.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>And then watch the assertion fail:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>./build-userland
|
||
./run --userland userland/arch/x86_64/add.S</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>with error message:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>assert_eq_64 failed
|
||
val1 0x3
|
||
val2 0x4
|
||
error: asm_main returned 1 at line 8</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>and notice how the error message gives both:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="ulist">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>the actual assembly source line number where the failing assert was</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>the actual and expected values</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Other infrastructure sanity checks that you might want to look into include:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="ulist">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/userland/arch/empty.S">userland/arch/empty.S</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><code>LKMC_FAIL</code> tests</p>
|
||
<div class="ulist">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/userland/arch/lkmc_assert_fail.S">userland/arch/lkmc_assert_fail.S</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><code>LKMC_ASSERT_EQ</code> tests</p>
|
||
<div class="ulist">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/userland/arch/x86_64/lkmc_assert_eq_fail.S">userland/arch/x86_64/lkmc_assert_eq_fail.S</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/userland/arch/arm/lkmc_assert_eq_fail.S">userland/arch/arm/lkmc_assert_eq_fail.S</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/userland/arch/aarch64/lkmc_assert_eq_fail.S">userland/arch/aarch64/lkmc_assert_eq_fail.S</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><code>LKMC_ASSERT_MEMCMP</code> tests</p>
|
||
<div class="ulist">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/userland/arch/x86_64/lkmc_assert_memcmp_fail.S">userland/arch/x86_64/lkmc_assert_memcmp_fail.S</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/userland/arch/arm/lkmc_assert_memcmp_fail.S">userland/arch/arm/lkmc_assert_memcmp_fail.S</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/userland/arch/aarch64/lkmc_assert_memcmp_fail.S">userland/arch/aarch64/lkmc_assert_memcmp_fail.S</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="ulist">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="assembly-registers.html">Assembly registers</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="floating-point-assembly.html">Floating point assembly</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="simd-assembly.html">SIMD assembly</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="user-vs-system-assembly.html">User vs system assembly</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="userland-assembly-c-standard-library.html">Userland assembly C standard library</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="gcc-inline-assembly.html">GCC inline assembly</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="linux-system-calls.html">Linux system calls</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="linux-calling-conventions.html">Linux calling conventions</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="gnu-gas-assembler.html">GNU GAS assembler</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="nop-instructions.html">NOP instructions</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph nav-footer">
|
||
<p>← Previous: <a href="userland-content-bibliography.html">Userland content bibliography</a> | ↑ Up: <a href="README.html">Linux Kernel Module Cheat</a> | Next: <a href="assembly-registers.html">Assembly registers</a> →</p>
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|
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