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https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat.git
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679 lines
40 KiB
HTML
679 lines
40 KiB
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<meta name="description" content="The perfect emulation setup to study and develop the <<linux-kernel>> v5.9.2, kernel modules, <<qemu-buildroot-setup,QEMU>>, <<gem5-buildroot-setup,gem5>> and x86_64, ARMv7 and ARMv8 <<userland-assembly,userland>> and <<baremetal-setup,baremetal>> assembly, <<c,ANSI C>>, <<cpp,C++>> and <<posix,POSIX>>. EVERYTHING is built from source. <<gdb>> and <<kgdb>> just work. Powered by <<about-the-qemu-buildroot-setup,Buildroot>> and <<about-the-baremetal-setup,crosstool-NG>>. Highly automated. Thoroughly documented. Automated <<test-this-repo,tests>>. "Tested" in an Ubuntu 20.04 host.">
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<title>Linux Kernel Module Cheat</title>
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</head>
|
||
<body id="config-pid-in-contextidr" class="article">
|
||
<div id="header">
|
||
<h1>Linux Kernel Module Cheat</h1>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="content">
|
||
<div class="sect4">
|
||
<h5 id="config-pid-in-contextidr"><a class="anchor" href="#config-pid-in-contextidr"></a><a class="link" href="#config-pid-in-contextidr">3.10.1.1. CONFIG_PID_IN_CONTEXTIDR</a></h5>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/54133479/accessing-logical-software-thread-id-in-gem5" class="bare">https://stackoverflow.com/questions/54133479/accessing-logical-software-thread-id-in-gem5</a> on ARM the kernel can store an indication of PID in the CONTEXTIDR_EL1 register, making that much easier to observe from simulators.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>In particular, gem5 prints that number out by default on <code>ExecAll</code> messages!</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Let’s test it out with <a href="linux-kernel-build-variants.html">Linux kernel build variants</a> + <a href="gem5-restore-new-script.html">gem5 checkpoint restore and run a different script</a>:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>./build-linux --arch aarch64 --linux-build-id CONFIG_PID_IN_CONTEXTIDR --config 'CONFIG_PID_IN_CONTEXTIDR=y'
|
||
# Checkpoint run.
|
||
./run --arch aarch64 --emulator gem5 --linux-build-id CONFIG_PID_IN_CONTEXTIDR --eval './gem5.sh'
|
||
# Trace run.
|
||
./run \
|
||
--arch aarch64 \
|
||
--emulator gem5 \
|
||
--gem5-readfile 'posix/getpid.out; posix/getpid.out' \
|
||
--gem5-restore 1 \
|
||
--linux-build-id CONFIG_PID_IN_CONTEXTIDR \
|
||
--trace FmtFlag,ExecAll,-ExecSymbol \
|
||
;</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>The terminal runs both programs which output their PID to stdout:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>pid=44
|
||
pid=45</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>By quickly inspecting the <code>trace.txt</code> file, we immediately notice that the <code>system.cpu: A<n></code> part of the logs, which used to always be <code>system.cpu: A0</code>, now has a few different values! Nice!</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>We can briefly summarize those values by removing repetitions:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>cut -d' ' -f4 "$(./getvar --arch aarch64 --emulator gem5 trace_txt_file)" | uniq -c</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>gives:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre> 97227 A39
|
||
147476 A38
|
||
222052 A40
|
||
1 terminal
|
||
1117724 A40
|
||
27529 A31
|
||
43868 A40
|
||
27487 A31
|
||
138349 A40
|
||
13781 A38
|
||
231246 A40
|
||
25536 A38
|
||
28337 A40
|
||
214799 A38
|
||
963561 A41
|
||
92603 A38
|
||
27511 A31
|
||
224384 A38
|
||
564949 A42
|
||
182360 A38
|
||
729009 A43
|
||
8398 A23
|
||
20200 A10
|
||
636848 A43
|
||
187995 A44
|
||
27529 A31
|
||
70071 A44
|
||
16981 A0
|
||
623806 A44
|
||
16981 A0
|
||
139319 A44
|
||
24487 A0
|
||
174986 A44
|
||
25420 A0
|
||
89611 A44
|
||
16981 A0
|
||
183184 A44
|
||
24728 A0
|
||
89608 A44
|
||
17226 A0
|
||
899075 A44
|
||
24974 A0
|
||
250608 A44
|
||
137700 A43
|
||
1497997 A45
|
||
227485 A43
|
||
138147 A38
|
||
482646 A46</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>I’m not smart enough to be able to deduce all of those IDs, but we can at least see that:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="ulist">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>A44 and A45 are there as expected from stdout!</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>A39 must be the end of the execution of <code>m5 checkpoint</code></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>so we guess that A38 is the shell as it comes next</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>the weird "terminal" line is <code>336969745500: system.terminal: attach terminal 0</code></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>which is the shell PID? I should have printed that as well :-)</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>why are there so many other PIDs? This was supposed to be a silent system without daemons!</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>A0 is presumably the kernel. However we see process switches without going into A0, so I’m not sure how, it appears to count kernel instructions as part of processes</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>A46 has to be the <code>m5 exit</code> call</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Or if you want to have some real fun, try: <a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/baremetal/arch/aarch64/contextidr_el1.c">baremetal/arch/aarch64/contextidr_el1.c</a>:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>./run --arch aarch64 --emulator gem5 --baremetal baremetal/arch/aarch64/contextidr_el1.c --trace-insts-stdout</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>in which we directly set the register ourselves! Output excerpt:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre> 31500: system.cpu: A0 T0 : @main+12 : ldr x0, [sp, #12] : MemRead : D=0x0000000000000001 A=0x82fffffc flags=(IsInteger|IsMemRef|IsLoad)
|
||
32000: system.cpu: A1 T0 : @main+16 : msr contextidr_el1, x0 : IntAlu : D=0x0000000000000001 flags=(IsInteger|IsSerializeAfter|IsNonSpeculative)
|
||
32500: system.cpu: A1 T0 : @main+20 : ldr x0, [sp, #12] : MemRead : D=0x0000000000000001 A=0x82fffffc flags=(IsInteger|IsMemRef|IsLoad)
|
||
33000: system.cpu: A1 T0 : @main+24 : add w0, w0, #1 : IntAlu : D=0x0000000000000002 flags=(IsInteger)
|
||
33500: system.cpu: A1 T0 : @main+28 : str x0, [sp, #12] : MemWrite : D=0x0000000000000002 A=0x82fffffc flags=(IsInteger|IsMemRef|IsStore)
|
||
34000: system.cpu: A1 T0 : @main+32 : ldr x0, [sp, #12] : MemRead : D=0x0000000000000002 A=0x82fffffc flags=(IsInteger|IsMemRef|IsLoad)
|
||
34500: system.cpu: A1 T0 : @main+36 : subs w0, #9 : IntAlu : D=0x0000000000000000 flags=(IsInteger)
|
||
35000: system.cpu: A1 T0 : @main+40 : b.le <main+12> : IntAlu : flags=(IsControl|IsDirectControl|IsCondControl)
|
||
35500: system.cpu: A1 T0 : @main+12 : ldr x0, [sp, #12] : MemRead : D=0x0000000000000002 A=0x82fffffc flags=(IsInteger|IsMemRef|IsLoad)
|
||
36000: system.cpu: A2 T0 : @main+16 : msr contextidr_el1, x0 : IntAlu : D=0x0000000000000002 flags=(IsInteger|IsSerializeAfter|IsNonSpeculative)
|
||
36500: system.cpu: A2 T0 : @main+20 : ldr x0, [sp, #12] : MemRead : D=0x0000000000000002 A=0x82fffffc flags=(IsInteger|IsMemRef|IsLoad)
|
||
37000: system.cpu: A2 T0 : @main+24 : add w0, w0, #1 : IntAlu : D=0x0000000000000003 flags=(IsInteger)
|
||
37500: system.cpu: A2 T0 : @main+28 : str x0, [sp, #12] : MemWrite : D=0x0000000000000003 A=0x82fffffc flags=(IsInteger|IsMemRef|IsStore)
|
||
38000: system.cpu: A2 T0 : @main+32 : ldr x0, [sp, #12] : MemRead : D=0x0000000000000003 A=0x82fffffc flags=(IsInteger|IsMemRef|IsLoad)
|
||
38500: system.cpu: A2 T0 : @main+36 : subs w0, #9 : IntAlu : D=0x0000000000000000 flags=(IsInteger)
|
||
39000: system.cpu: A2 T0 : @main+40 : b.le <main+12> : IntAlu : flags=(IsControl|IsDirectControl|IsCondControl)
|
||
39500: system.cpu: A2 T0 : @main+12 : ldr x0, [sp, #12] : MemRead : D=0x0000000000000003 A=0x82fffffc flags=(IsInteger|IsMemRef|IsLoad)
|
||
40000: system.cpu: A3 T0 : @main+16 : msr contextidr_el1, x0 : IntAlu : D=0x0000000000000003 flags=(IsInteger|IsSerializeAfter|IsNonSpeculative)</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p><a href="armarm8-fa.html">ARMv8 architecture reference manual db</a> D13.2.27 "CONTEXTIDR_EL1, Context ID Register (EL1)" documents <code>CONTEXTIDR_EL1</code> as:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="quoteblock">
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Identifies the current Process Identifier.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>The value of the whole of this register is called the Context ID and is used by:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="ulist">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>The debug logic, for Linked and Unlinked Context ID matching.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>The trace logic, to identify the current process.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>The significance of this register is for debug and trace use only.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Tested on 145769fc387dc5ee63ec82e55e6b131d9c968538 + 1.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="ulist">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph nav-footer">
|
||
<p>↑ Up: <a href="lx-ps.html">lx-ps</a> | ⌂ Home: <a href="README.html">Linux Kernel Module Cheat</a> | Next: <a href="debug-the-gdb-remote-protocol.html">Debug the GDB remote protocol</a> →</p>
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