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https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat.git
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699 lines
41 KiB
HTML
699 lines
41 KiB
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<meta name="description" content="The perfect emulation setup to study and develop the <<linux-kernel>> v5.9.2, kernel modules, <<qemu-buildroot-setup,QEMU>>, <<gem5-buildroot-setup,gem5>> and x86_64, ARMv7 and ARMv8 <<userland-assembly,userland>> and <<baremetal-setup,baremetal>> assembly, <<c,ANSI C>>, <<cpp,C++>> and <<posix,POSIX>>. EVERYTHING is built from source. <<gdb>> and <<kgdb>> just work. Powered by <<about-the-qemu-buildroot-setup,Buildroot>> and <<about-the-baremetal-setup,crosstool-NG>>. Highly automated. Thoroughly documented. Automated <<test-this-repo,tests>>. "Tested" in an Ubuntu 20.04 host.">
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<title>Linux Kernel Module Cheat</title>
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</head>
|
||
<body id="baremetal-setup-getting-started" class="article">
|
||
<div id="header">
|
||
<h1>Linux Kernel Module Cheat</h1>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="content">
|
||
<div class="sect3">
|
||
<h4 id="baremetal-setup-getting-started"><a class="anchor" href="#baremetal-setup-getting-started"></a><a class="link" href="#baremetal-setup-getting-started">2.9.2. Baremetal setup getting started</a></h4>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Every <code>.c</code> file inside <a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/baremetal/">baremetal/</a> and <code>.S</code> file inside <code>baremetal/arch/<arch>/</code> generates a separate baremetal image.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>For example, to run <a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/baremetal/arch/aarch64/dump_regs.c">baremetal/arch/aarch64/dump_regs.c</a> in QEMU do:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>python3 -m venv .venv
|
||
. .venv/bin/activate
|
||
./setup
|
||
./build --arch aarch64 --download-dependencies qemu-baremetal
|
||
./run --arch aarch64 --baremetal baremetal/arch/aarch64/dump_regs.c</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>And the terminal prints the values of certain system registers. This example prints registers that are only accessible from <a href="arm-exception-levels.html">EL1</a> or higher, and thus could not be run in userland.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>In addition to the examples under <a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/baremetal/">baremetal/</a>, several of the <a href="userland-content.html">userland examples</a> can also be run in baremetal! This is largely due to the <a href="about-the-baremetal-setup.html">awesomeness of Newlib</a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>The examples that work include most <a href="c.html">C examples</a> that don’t rely on complicated syscalls such as threads, and almost all the <a href="userland-assembly.html">Userland assembly</a> examples.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>The exact list of userland programs that work in baremetal is specified in <a href="path-properties.html">path_properties.py</a> with the <code>baremetal</code> property, but you can also easily find it out with a <a href="baremetal-tests.html">baremetal test dry run</a>:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>./test-executables --arch aarch64 --dry-run --mode baremetal</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>For example, we can run the C hello world <a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/userland/c/hello.c">userland/c/hello.c</a> simply as:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>./run --arch aarch64 --baremetal userland/c/hello.c</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>and that outputs to the serial port the string:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>hello</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>which QEMU shows on the host terminal.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>To modify a baremetal program, simply edit the file, e.g.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>vim userland/c/hello.c</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>and rebuild:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>./build-baremetal --arch aarch64
|
||
./run --arch aarch64 --baremetal userland/c/hello.c</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p><code>./build qemu-baremetal</code> that we run previously is only needed for the initial build. That script calls <a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/build-baremetal">build-baremetal</a> for us, in addition to building prerequisites such as QEMU and crosstool-NG.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p><code>./build-baremetal</code> uses crosstool-NG, and so it must be preceded by <a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/build-crosstool-ng">build-crosstool-ng</a>, which <code>./build qemu-baremetal</code> also calls.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Now let’s run <a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/userland/arch/aarch64/add.S">userland/arch/aarch64/add.S</a>:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>./run --arch aarch64 --baremetal userland/arch/aarch64/add.S</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>This time, the terminal does not print anything, which indicates success: if you look into the source, you will see that we just have an assertion there.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>You can see a sample assertion fail in <a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/master/userland/c/assert_fail.c">userland/c/assert_fail.c</a>:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>./run --arch aarch64 --baremetal userland/c/assert_fail.c</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>and the terminal contains:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>lkmc_exit_status_134
|
||
error: simulation error detected by parsing logs</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>and the exit status of our script is 1:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>echo $?</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>You can run all the baremetal examples in one go and check that all assertions passed with:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>./test-executables --arch aarch64 --mode baremetal</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>To use gem5 instead of QEMU do:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>python3 -m venv .venv
|
||
. .venv/bin/activate
|
||
./setup
|
||
./build --download-dependencies gem5-baremetal
|
||
./run --arch aarch64 --baremetal userland/c/hello.c --emulator gem5</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>and then <a href="qemu-buildroot-setup.html">as usual</a> open a shell with:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>./gem5-shell</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Or as usual, <a href="tmux.html">tmux</a> users can do both in one go with:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>./run --arch aarch64 --baremetal userland/c/hello.c --emulator gem5 --tmux</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>TODO: the carriage returns are a bit different than in QEMU, see: <a href="gem5-baremetal-carriage-return.html">Section 33.6, “gem5 baremetal carriage return”</a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Note that <code>./build-baremetal</code> requires the <code>--emulator gem5</code> option, and generates separate executable images for both, as can be seen from:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>echo "$(./getvar --arch aarch64 --baremetal userland/c/hello.c --emulator qemu image)"
|
||
echo "$(./getvar --arch aarch64 --baremetal userland/c/hello.c --emulator gem5 image)"</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>This is unlike the Linux kernel that has a single image for both QEMU and gem5:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>echo "$(./getvar --arch aarch64 --emulator qemu image)"
|
||
echo "$(./getvar --arch aarch64 --emulator gem5 image)"</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>The reason for that is that on baremetal we don’t parse the <a href="device-tree.html">device tress</a> from memory like the Linux kernel does, which tells the kernel for example the UART address, and many other system parameters.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p><code>gem5</code> also supports the <code>RealViewPBX</code> machine, which represents an older hardware compared to the default <code>VExpress_GEM5_V1</code>:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>./build-baremetal --arch aarch64 --emulator gem5 --machine RealViewPBX
|
||
./run --arch aarch64 --baremetal userland/c/hello.c --emulator gem5 --machine RealViewPBX</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>see also: <a href="gem5-arm-platforms.html">Section 24.18, “gem5 ARM platforms”</a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>This generates yet new separate images with new magic constants:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="literalblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre>echo "$(./getvar --arch aarch64 --baremetal userland/c/hello.c --emulator gem5 --machine VExpress_GEM5_V1 image)"
|
||
echo "$(./getvar --arch aarch64 --baremetal userland/c/hello.c --emulator gem5 --machine RealViewPBX image)"</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>But just stick to newer and better <code>VExpress_GEM5_V1</code> unless you have a good reason to use <code>RealViewPBX</code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>When doing baremetal programming, it is likely that you will want to learn userland assembly first, see: <a href="userland-assembly.html">Section 28, “Userland assembly”</a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>For more information on baremetal, see the section: <a href="baremetal.html">Section 33, “Baremetal”</a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>The following subjects are particularly important:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="ulist">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="tracing.html">Tracing</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><a href="baremetal-gdb-step-debug.html">Baremetal GDB step debug</a></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="ulist">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph nav-footer">
|
||
<p>← Previous: <a href="about-the-baremetal-setup.html">About the baremetal setup</a> | ↑ Up: <a href="baremetal-setup.html">Baremetal setup</a> | ⌂ Home: <a href="README.html">Linux Kernel Module Cheat</a> | Next: <a href="build-the-documentation.html">Build the documentation</a> →</p>
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