Review and link kernel_module/user examples to README

README.adoc

@@ -4863,9 +4863,6 @@ sendkey shift-pgdown
 
 ===== Ctrl Alt Del
 
-* https://superuser.com/questions/193652/does-linux-have-a-ctrlaltdel-equivalent/1324415#1324415
-* https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/42573/meaning-and-commands-for-ctrlaltdel/444969#444969
-
 Reboot guest:
 
 ....
@@ -4952,9 +4949,12 @@ ever reaches the kernel tty layer, and it's up to the program
 to decide what to do with it.
 ....
 
-===== SysRq
+Bibliography:
 
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_SysRq_key
+* https://superuser.com/questions/193652/does-linux-have-a-ctrlaltdel-equivalent/1324415#1324415
+* https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/42573/meaning-and-commands-for-ctrlaltdel/444969#444969
+
+===== SysRq
 
 We cannot test these actual shortcuts on QEMU since the host captures them at a lower level, but from:
 
@@ -5004,6 +5004,8 @@ The bitmask is documented at:
 less linux/Documentation/admin-guide/sysrq.rst
 ....
 
+Bibliography: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_SysRq_key
+
 ==== TTY
 
 In order to play with TTYs, do this:
@@ -5076,6 +5078,8 @@ Identify the current TTY with the command:
 tty
 ....
 
+Bibliography:
+
 * https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/270272/how-to-get-the-tty-in-which-bash-is-running/270372
 * https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/187319/how-to-get-the-real-name-of-the-controlling-terminal
 * https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/77796/how-to-get-the-current-terminal-name
@@ -5133,7 +5137,7 @@ insmod /kthread.ko
 
 and switch between virtual terminals, to understand that the dmesg goes to whatever current virtual terminal you are on, but not the others, and not to the serial terminals.
 
-See also:
+Bibliography:
 
 * https://serverfault.com/questions/119736/how-to-enable-multiple-virtual-consoles-on-linux
 * https://github.com/mirror/busybox/blob/1_28_3/examples/inittab#L60
@@ -5197,7 +5201,7 @@ Instead, the shell appears on `/dev/tty7`.
 
 If you run in <<graphic-mode>>, then you get a Penguin image for <<number-of-cores,every core>> above the console! https://askubuntu.com/questions/80938/is-it-possible-to-get-the-tux-logo-on-the-text-based-boot
 
-This is due to the `CONFIG_LOGO=y` option which we enable by default.
+This is due to the link:https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v4.17/drivers/video/logo/Kconfig#L5[`CONFIG_LOGO=y`] option which we enable by default.
 
 `reset` on the terminal then kills the poor penguins.
 
@@ -5350,7 +5354,7 @@ When I build it on Ubuntu 18.04 host, it does not generate any executable, so I'
 
 === Linux kernel testing
 
-https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3177338/how-is-the-linux-kernel-tested
+Bibliography: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3177338/how-is-the-linux-kernel-tested
 
 ==== LTP
 
@@ -5417,8 +5421,6 @@ Some QEMU specific features to play with and limitations to cry over.
 
 === Snapshot
 
-https://stackoverflow.com/questions/40227651/does-qemu-emulator-have-checkpoint-function/48724371#48724371
-
 QEMU allows us to take snapshots at any time through the monitor.
 
 You can then restore CPU, memory and disk state back at any time.
@@ -5493,6 +5495,8 @@ And the output is `0`.
 
 Our setup does not allow for snapshotting while using <<initrd>>.
 
+Bibliography: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/40227651/does-qemu-emulator-have-checkpoint-function/48724371#48724371
+
 ==== Snapshot internals
 
 Snapshots are stored inside the `.qcow2` images themselves.
@@ -5918,8 +5922,6 @@ Rationale: we found out that the kernels that build for `qemu -M versatilepb` do
 
 At the same time, we also found out that Versatile Express (`vexpress`) does support armv7, so maybe we could port it over, but I had lost interest at that point, and decided to just go with the simpler `-M virt` machine instead.
 
-https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28315265/how-to-add-a-new-device-in-qemu-source-code/44612957#44612957
-
 Uses:
 
 * `hw/misc/lkmc_platform_device.c` minimal device added in our QEMU fork to `-M versatilepb`
@@ -5951,6 +5953,8 @@ The IRQ number `34` was found by on the dmesg after:
 insmod /platform_device.ko
 ....
 
+Bibliography: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28315265/how-to-add-a-new-device-in-qemu-source-code/44612957#44612957
+
 ==== gem5 educational hardware models
 
 TODO get some working!
@@ -5963,8 +5967,6 @@ This protocol allows sharing a mountable filesystem between guest and host.
 
 With networking, it's boring, we can just use any of the old tools like sshfs and NFS.
 
-https://superuser.com/questions/628169/how-to-share-a-directory-with-the-host-without-networking-in-qemu
-
 One advantage of this method over NFS is that can run without `sudo` on host, or having to pass host credentials on guest for sshfs.
 
 TODO performance compared to NFS.
@@ -6011,7 +6013,10 @@ security_model=mapped
 +
 writes from guest failed due to user mismatch problems: https://serverfault.com/questions/342801/read-write-access-for-passthrough-9p-filesystems-with-libvirt-qemu
 
-The feature is documented at: https://wiki.qemu.org/Documentation/9psetup
+Bibliography:
+
+* https://superuser.com/questions/628169/how-to-share-a-directory-with-the-host-without-networking-in-qemu
+* https://wiki.qemu.org/Documentation/9psetup
 
 ==== 9P gem5
 
@@ -6093,8 +6098,6 @@ We us this exact procedure to connect to <<gdbserver>>.
 
 ===== ssh into guest
 
-https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/124681/how-to-ssh-from-host-to-guest-using-qemu/307557#307557
-
 Not enabled by default due to the build / runtime overhead. To enable, build with:
 
 ....
@@ -6115,6 +6118,8 @@ And finally on host:
 ssh root@localhost -p 45456
 ....
 
+Bibliography: https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/124681/how-to-ssh-from-host-to-guest-using-qemu/307557#307557
+
 ===== gem5 host to guest networking
 
 Could not do port forwarding from host to guest, and therefore could not use `gdbserver`: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/48941494/how-to-do-port-forwarding-from-guest-to-host-in-gem5
@@ -6133,9 +6138,7 @@ gives:
 Could not open guest forwarding device 'guestfwd.tcp.45456'
 ....
 
-Related:
+Bibliography: https://serverfault.com/questions/769874/how-to-forward-a-port-from-guest-to-host-in-qemu-kvm
-
-* https://serverfault.com/questions/769874/how-to-forward-a-port-from-guest-to-host-in-qemu-kvm
 
 ==== Secondary disk
 
@@ -6967,24 +6970,57 @@ Buildroot supports it, which makes everything just trivial:
 
 ....
 ./build -B 'BR2_PACKAGE_OPENBLAS=y' -k
-./run -F '/openblas.out'
+./run -F '/openblas.out; echo $?'
+....
+
+Outcome: the test passes:
+
+....
+0
 ....
 
 Source: link:kernel_module/user/openblas.c[]
 
+The test performs a general matrix multiplication:
+
+....
+    |  1.0 -3.0 |   |  1.0  2.0  1.0 |       |  0.5  0.5  0.5 |   |  11.0 - 9.0  5.0 |
+1 * |  2.0  4.0 | * | -3.0  4.0 -1.0 | + 2 * |  0.5  0.5  0.5 | = | - 9.0  21.0 -1.0 |
+    |  1.0 -1.0 |                            |  0.5  0.5  0.5 |   |   5.0 - 1.0  3.0 |
+....
+
+This can be deduced from the Fortran interfaces at: `out/x86_64/buildroot/build/openblas-*/reference/dgemmf.f`, which we can map to our call as:
+
+....
+C := alpha*op( A )*op( B ) + beta*C,
+SUBROUTINE DGEMMF(               TRANA,        TRANB,     M,N,K,  ALPHA,A,LDA,B,LDB,BETA,C,LDC)
+cblas_dgemm(      CblasColMajor, CblasNoTrans, CblasTrans,3,3,2  ,1,    A,3,  B,3,  2   ,C,3  );
+....
+
 ===== Eigen
 
-Header only linear algebra library supported by Buildroot:
+Header only linear algebra library with a mainline Buildroot package:
 
 ....
 ./build -B 'BR2_PACKAGE_EIGEN=y' -k
-./run -F '/eigen_hello.out;/eigen_svd.out'
 ....
 
-Source:
+Just create an array and print it:
 
-* link:kernel_module/user/eigen.cpp[]
+....
-* link:kernel_module/user/eigen_svd.cpp[]
+./run -F '/eigen.out'
+....
+
+Output:
+
+....
+  3  -1
+2.5 1.5
+....
+
+Source: link:kernel_module/user/eigen.cpp[]
+
+This example just creates a matrix and prints it out.
 
 Tested on: link:http://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/commit/a4bdcf102c068762bb1ef26c591fcf71e5907525[a4bdcf102c068762bb1ef26c591fcf71e5907525]
 
@@ -7658,7 +7694,7 @@ which gives pretty close results, and serve as a nice sanity check that the cycl
 
 It is also nice to see that `rdtsc` is a bit smaller than the `stats.txt` value, since the latter also includes the exec syscall for `m5`.
 
-See also:
+Bibliography:
 
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Stamp_Counter
 * https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9887839/clock-cycle-count-wth-gcc/9887979

kernel_module/user/anonymous_inode.c

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+/* https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#anonymous-inode */
+
 #define _GNU_SOURCE
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>

kernel_module/user/common.h

@@ -3,13 +3,17 @@
 
 #define _XOPEN_SOURCE 700
 #include <fcntl.h> /* open */
+#include <math.h> /* fabs */
 #include <stdint.h> /* uint64_t  */
 #include <stdlib.h> /* size_t */
+#include <stdio.h> /* snprintf */
+#include <sys/types.h>
 #include <unistd.h> /* pread, sysconf */
+#include <stdbool.h>
 
 /* Format documented at:
  * https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v4.9/Documentation/vm/pagemap.txt
- **/
+ */
 typedef struct {
 	uint64_t pfn : 54;
 	unsigned int soft_dirty : 1;
@@ -33,8 +37,12 @@ int pagemap_get_entry(PagemapEntry *entry, int pagemap_fd, uintptr_t vaddr)
 
 	nread = 0;
 	while (nread < sizeof(data)) {
-		ret = pread(pagemap_fd, &data, sizeof(data),
+		ret = pread(
-				(vaddr / sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE)) * sizeof(data) + nread);
+			pagemap_fd,
+			&data,
+			sizeof(data),
+			(vaddr / sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE)) * sizeof(data) + nread
+		);
 		nread += ret;
 		if (ret <= 0) {
 			return 1;
@@ -74,4 +82,18 @@ int virt_to_phys_user(uintptr_t *paddr, pid_t pid, uintptr_t vaddr)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+bool common_vector_equal(size_t n, double * v1, double * v2, double max_err)
+{
+	double sum = 0.0;
+	double diff;
+	size_t i;
+	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+		diff = v1[i] - v2[i];
+		sum += diff * diff;
+	}
+	if (sqrt(sum)/n > max_err)
+		return false;
+	return true;
+}
+
 #endif

kernel_module/user/ctrl_alt_del.c

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+/* https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#ctrl-alt-del */
+
 #define _XOPEN_SOURCE 700
 #include <signal.h>
 #include <stdio.h>

kernel_module/user/eigen.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-/* Adapted from: https://eigen.tuxfamily.org/dox/GettingStarted.html */
+/* https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#eigen
+ * Adapted from: https://eigen.tuxfamily.org/dox/GettingStarted.html
+ */
 #include <iostream>
 #include <Eigen/Dense>
 int main() {

kernel_module/user/eigen_svd.cpp

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-/* Adapted from: https://eigen.tuxfamily.org/dox/classEigen_1_1JacobiSVD.html */
-
-#include <iostream>
-using std::cout;
-using std::endl;
-
-#include <Eigen/Core>
-#include <Eigen/SVD>
-using Eigen::ComputeThinU;
-using Eigen::ComputeThinV;
-using Eigen::JacobiSVD;
-using Eigen::MatrixXf;
-using Eigen::Vector3f;
-
-int main() {
-	MatrixXf m = MatrixXf::Random(3,2);
-	JacobiSVD<MatrixXf> svd(m, ComputeThinU | ComputeThinV);
-	Vector3f rhs(1, 0, 0);
-	cout << "m = " << endl << m << endl << endl;
-	cout << "svd.singularValues() = " << endl << svd.singularValues() << endl << endl;
-	cout << "svd.MatrixU() = " << endl << svd.matrixU() << endl << endl;
-	cout << "svd.MatrixV() = " << endl << svd.matrixV() << endl << endl;
-	cout << "svd.solve() = " << endl << svd.solve(rhs) << endl << endl;
-}

kernel_module/user/libdrm_modeset.c

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-/* Adapted from: https://github.com/dvdhrm/docs/blob/fad7c3203b14e67053e0fc41d8490138b8ff47dd/drm-howto/modeset.c */
+/* https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#drm
+ * Adapted from: https://github.com/dvdhrm/docs/blob/fad7c3203b14e67053e0fc41d8490138b8ff47dd/drm-howto/modeset.c */
 
 /*
  * modeset - DRM Modesetting Example

kernel_module/user/m5ops.c

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+/* https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#m5ops-instructions */
+
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>

kernel_module/user/mmap.c

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+/* https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#mmap */
+
 #define _XOPEN_SOURCE 700
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>

kernel_module/user/myinsmod.c

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#kernel-module-parameters#myinsmod */
+/* https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#myinsmod */
 
 #define _GNU_SOURCE
 #include <fcntl.h>

kernel_module/user/myrmmod.c

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+/* https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#myinsmod */
+
 #define _GNU_SOURCE
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <stdio.h>

kernel_module/user/openblas.c

@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
-/* Adapted from: https://github.com/xianyi/OpenBLAS/wiki/User-Manual/59b62f98e7400270fb03ad1d85fba5b64ebbff2b#call-cblas-interface */
+/* https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#blas
+ * Adapted from: https://github.com/xianyi/OpenBLAS/wiki/User-Manual/59b62f98e7400270fb03ad1d85fba5b64ebbff2b#call-cblas-interface */
 
+#include "common.h"
+
+#include <assert.h>
 #include <cblas.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
 
-int main() {
+int main()
-	size_t i = 0;
+{
-	double A[6] = {1.0,2.0,1.0,-3.0,4.0,-1.0};
+	double A[6] = {1.0, 2.0, 1.0, -3.0, 4.0, -1.0};
-	double B[6] = {1.0,2.0,1.0,-3.0,4.0,-1.0};
+	double B[6] = {1.0, 2.0, 1.0, -3.0, 4.0, -1.0};
-	double C[9] = {.5,.5,.5,.5,.5,.5,.5,.5,.5};
+	double C[9] = {0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5};
-	cblas_dgemm(CblasColMajor, CblasNoTrans, CblasTrans,3,3,2,1,A, 3, B, 3,2,C,3);
+	cblas_dgemm(CblasColMajor, CblasNoTrans, CblasTrans, 3, 3, 2, 1, A, 3, B, 3, 2, C, 3);
-	for(i = 0; i < 9; i++)
+	assert(common_vector_equal(9, C, (double[]){11.0, -9.0, 5.0, -9.0, 21.0, -1.0, 5.0, -1.0, 3.0}, 1e-6));
-		printf("%f ", C[i]);
-	printf("\n");
 }

kernel_module/user/openmp.c

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+/* https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#openmp */
+
 #include <omp.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>

kernel_module/user/poll.c

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+/* https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#poll */
+
 #define _XOPEN_SOURCE 700
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <fcntl.h> /* creat, O_CREAT */

kernel_module/user/rdtsc.c

@@ -1,9 +1,4 @@
-/*
+/* https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat#rdtsc */
-Only works in x86_64.
-
-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Stamp_Counter
-- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9887839/clock-cycle-count-wth-gcc/9887979
-*/
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdio.h>